Bankruptcy FAQs
Please note that these answers are general in nature, are not intended to address a specific legal question, and do not constitute legal advice.
WHAT IS A DISCHARGE?
The filing of a Chapter 7 petition may result in a discharge of most of the debts you listed on your bankruptcy schedules. A discharge is a court order that says you do not have to repay your debts, but there are a number of exceptions. Debts which may not be discharged in your Chapter 7 case may include:
most taxes;
child support or other court-ordered support payments;
student loans;
court-ordered fines and restitution;
debts obtained through fraud or deception; and
personal injury debts caused by driving while intoxicated or taking drugs.
Your discharge may be denied entirely if you destroy or conceal property; destroy, conceal or falsify records; make a false oath, etc.. Creditors cannot ask you to pay any debts which have been discharged. You can only receive a Chapter 7 discharge once every eight (8) years.
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF A DISCHARGE?
The fact that you filed bankruptcy can appear on your credit report for a long as ten (10) years. Thus, filing a bankruptcy petition may affect your ability to obtain credit in the future. Also, you will not be excused from repaying any debts that were not listed on your bankruptcy schedules or that you incurred after you filed bankruptcy.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF REAFFIRMING A DEBT?
After you file your petition, a creditor may ask you to reaffirm a certain debt or you may seek to do so on your own. Reaffirming a debt means that you voluntarily sign and file with the court a legally enforceable document, which states that you promise to repay all or a portion of the debt that may otherwise have been discharged in your bankruptcy case. Reaffirmation agreements must generally be filed with the court within sixty (60) days after the first meeting of creditors.
Reaffirmation agreements are strictly voluntary––they are not required by the Bankruptcy Code or other state or federal law. You can voluntarily repay any debt instead of signing a reaffirmation agreement, but there may be valid reasons for wanting to reaffirm a particular debt.
Reaffirmation agreements must not impose an undue burden on you or your dependents and must be in your best interest. If you decide to sign a reaffirmation agreement, you may cancel it at any time before the court issues your discharge order or within sixty (60) days after the reaffirmation agreement was filed with the court, whichever is later. If you reaffirm a debt and fail to make the payments required in the reaffirmation agreement, the creditor can take action against you to recover any property that was given as security for the loan and you may remain personally liable for any remaining debt.
OTHER BANKRUPTCY OPTIONS
Even if you have already filed for relief under Chapter 7, you may be eligible to convert your case to a different chapter.
Chapter 7 is the liquidation chapter of the Bankruptcy Code. Under Chapter 7, a trustee is appointed to collect and sell, if economically feasible, all property you own that is not exempt from these actions.
Chapter 11 is the reorganization chapter most commonly used by businesses, but it is also available to individuals. Creditors vote on whether to accept or reject a plan, which also must be approved by the court. While the debtor normally remains in control of the assets, the court can order the appointment of a trustee to take possession and control of the business.
Chapter 12 offers bankruptcy relief to those who qualify as family farmers. Family farmers must propose a plan to repay their creditors over a three- to five-year period and the plan must be approved by the court. Plan payments are made through a Chapter 12 trustee, who also monitors the debtor’s farming operations during the pendency of the plan.
Finally, Chapter 13 generally permits individuals to keep their property by repaying creditors out of their future income. Each Chapter 13 debtor writes a plan which must be approved by the bankruptcy court. The debtor must pay the Chapter 13 trustee the amounts set forth in their plan. Debtors receive a discharge after they complete their Chapter 13 repayment plan. Chapter 13 is only available to individuals with regular income whose debts do not exceed $307,675 in unsecured debts and $922,975 in secured debts.